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Cefapirin, chemically known as Cefapirin sodium or 7-(2-thienylglyoxamido)-3-[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic belonging to the first generation of this class. Its molecular formula is C16H16N6O5S3, and it carries the unique CAS registry number 39408-35-0. This compound is characterized by its broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species, while demonstrating moderate efficacy against certain Gram-negative organisms like Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. The drug functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through the binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), ultimately leading to cell lysis and death.
Primarily utilized in veterinary medicine, Cefapirin is widely employed for the treatment of various infectious diseases in livestock, particularly cattle, swine, and poultry. It is highly effective against respiratory tract infections, mastitis in dairy cows, and skin or soft tissue infections caused by susceptible pathogens. Due to its stability and favorable pharmacokinetic profile, it is often formulated as injectable solutions or intramammary infusions for direct administration into infected tissues. The presence of the tetrazole ring in its structure contributes to its specific antibacterial spectrum and metabolic stability within animal systems.
Although human applications are limited compared to other cephalosporins due to regulatory approvals focusing on veterinary use, its mechanism remains a classic example of beta-lactam antibiotic action. Resistance can develop via beta-lactamase production, though Cefapirin shows some resistance to staphylococcal beta-lactamases. Proper dosage and withdrawal periods are critical in food-producing animals to ensure residue levels remain below safety thresholds before meat or milk enters the human food chain. As an essential tool in modern veterinary practice, Cefapirin continues to play a vital role in controlling bacterial infections, ensuring animal health, and maintaining public safety through responsible antimicrobial stewardship.