I. Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects joints but can also impact other systems in the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. (Lee, 2001) Joint damgage occurs in RA when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's tissues, leading to inflammation. According the World Health Organization just over 0.2% of the global population was affected by RA in 2019, (WHO, 2013) with women being three times more likely than men to develop this disease (NIAMS, 2023). The cause of RA remains unknown, but genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors are believed to play significant roles in its development. (Deane, 2017) (Alpízar-Rodríguez, 2017)
A range of symptoms including joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and a decreased range of motion are caused by RA. If left untreated, it can lead to joint deformity and disability. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing the disease and preventing irreversible damage. (Cush, 2021)
II. Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology
RA involves an abnormal immune response that leads to the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation of the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround joints. Over time, this inflammation can cause the synovium to thicken, eventually destroying the cartilage and bone within the joint. (Zhang, 2023)
The exact mechanism that triggers this autoimmune response is not fully understood. However, it is believed that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as smoking or infections, may contribute to the onset of RA (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
III. Common Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis
The primary goals of RA treatment are to reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, prevent joint and organ damage, improve physical function and overall well-being, and reduce long-term complications. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and how well they respond to specific therapies. (Smolen, 2020)
IV. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
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